Ruth 3:1-5; 4:13-17 (first published 9 November 2003, updated for 2012)
Sex is not a four-letter word, but many Christians, particularly
those of a conservative bent, act as though it were. Modern Western
culture has its sexual morés, influenced by Christianity to be
sure, but also shaped by such cultural movements as Puritanism,
Victorianism, and the sexual revolution. The latter movement sought,
among other goals, to liberate women from a sexual ethic defined by men,
one in which they were considered inferior to men, the weaker sex (i.e.,
unable to control themselves sexually), and in need of male protection.
Despite the influence of Christianity, Western culture has always had
one rule for men and another for women. Remember the story of the woman
caught in the act of adultery? She was dragged out to be stoned, but
where was the man? American vernacular English demonstrates the lack of
parity that continues to exist between men and women on matters of sex.
Promiscuous men are studs; promiscuous women are sluts. Both words
imply sexual promiscuity, but the term for men has a positive
connotation, while the term for women is decidedly negative. Even
within an explicitly Christian context, proper sexual norms are a matter
of fierce debate. The consecration of Gene Robinson as the first openly
gay bishop in the Episcopal church in 2003, an act whose repercussions
were in the news again this week with the announcement of the new
archbishop of Canterbury, is a case in point. Many Christians would like
to retreat to the safety of the biblical text when dealing with such
issues. Contemporary teens and adults are often counseled to live
according to the precepts of the Bible in regard to their sexuality.
However, any close reading of scripture reveals sexual practices in the
ancient world that were quite different from those accepted as normative
by many people today. Polygamy (but not polyandry!), concubinage, and
what moderns would call pre-marital sex were accepted at certain times
during the biblical period and in certain contexts. Arguably,
homosexuality in certain time periods and social contexts was as well
(see David and Jonathan, especially 2 Samuel 1:26). Today's reading from
Ruth is a good illustration of this point. Both Ruth and her
mother-in-law Naomi have lost their husbands, but Ruth is a young,
attractive woman, Naomi's last hope for happiness and security. Naomi
hatches a plan based on the custom of levirate marriage, in which the
nearest male relative of a childless widow's husband has the obligation
to take the woman as his wife--regardless of his current marital
status--and raise up children to take the name of his deceased male
relative. Boaz, a close relative of Naomi's dead husband Elimelech, has
already noticed Ruth gleaning grain in his fields. Naomi takes this as
a sign that Boaz is likely to welcome Ruth's sexual advances and assume
the role of kinsman-redeemer. Naomi instructs Ruth to wait until Boaz
has eaten and drunk his fill (playing on the aphrodisiacal effect of
alcohol) and lain down to sleep on the threshing floor. She is to go
and "uncover his feet," where "feet" is a euphemism for genitalia. She
does so as Naomi instructs, and she even goes farther, inviting Boaz,
after he awakes surprised to find Ruth at his side, to "spread your
cloak over your servant." "Spread your cloak" is a euphemism for sexual
intercourse. Having washed and anointed herself to enhance her beauty
to its fullest extent, Ruth is inviting Boaz to have sex with her.
However, both know that if Boaz accepts, he has committed himself to
fulfilling the role of kinsman-redeemer for Naomi. Boaz does accept,
and (after craftily removing a rival redeemer) he takes Ruth as his wife
and fathers a child in the name of Elimelech. While some might consider
the story of Ruth told this way to be shocking, it is important to
understand that it is not a tale that advocates sexual promiscuity. Nor
is it a story about true love. Rather, it is a story about two women
who use feminine charm and accepted custom to achieve security in a
world where they were on the verge of desolation because of their
circumstances. It is also a story about a man who willingly fulfills
his obligations to his kinsman, regardless of the potentially reduced
inheritance to his existing children. Finally, it is a story about the
providence of God, who uses wise women, good men, and changing sexual
customs to bless those who are faithful.
Psalm 127 (first published 9 November 2003)
The Hebrew word that is translated "sons" in verses 3 and 4 in the RSV
and NRSV can also be translated "children," as in the KJV and other more
modern translations. Why then did the (N)RSV translators choose to use
"sons"? Probably the context dictated that they do so. Verse 4 uses the
martial imagery of a warrior with arrows in his hand, and verse 5
continues the thought by speaking of the advantage of sons for standing up
to one's enemies. The implication seems to be that a man with plenty of
sons is a military force to be reckoned with. Why the psalmist didn't
choose to add a few lines about the blessings of daughters I don't know.
They might not make as formidable an army as sons, but for that matter,
not all sons are natural fighters, either. Not having sons myself, I can
vouch for the fact that daughters, too, are a heritage from the Lord.
Children can be blessings in many ways. When we watch them running in the
grass, they remind us of the beauty of the world we live in. When they
play nicely with one another, they remind us of the importance of
civility. When they're mean and spiteful to one another, they remind us
of the silliness of so many of our adult disputes. When they succeed in
their endeavors, they remind us that, in general, life is good. When they
fail, they remind us of the importance of perseverance. When they tell us
what they learned at school, they remind us of the importance of
curiosity, even for adults. When they tell us about their boyfriends and
girlfriends, they remind us of the blessing of God's love. When their
hearts are broken, they remind us that God's love never fails (and neither
will our love for them). When they ask questions, they teach us about
life. When they observe things that we've never seen, even though we've
looked at the same things for years, they remind us that our perspective
isn't the only one and that we need to learn to listen to others. When we
tuck them in at night, they remind us that God cares for all of us.
Children are our students, but they are also our teachers. Because they
are full of life and energy, children keep us young at heart. Sons and
daughters are indeed a heritage from the Lord.
Hebrews 9:24-28 (first published 9 November 2003)
Plato taught that the world we live in is inhabited by imperfect
objects that are mere reflections of ideal heavenly objects. There are
many trees on earth, for example, but there is only one perfect Idea of a
tree. This concept is called the Theory of Ideas, or the Theory of Forms.
The perfect Idea or Form exists only in the eternal realm, but it is in an
important sense more real than the various imperfect manifestations of the
Form that we find on earth. Understanding the basics of Plato's Theory of
Forms is crucial to understanding the argument of the book of Hebrews.
The author says that the earthly sanctuary was indeed a place where
sacrifice could be offered and sins forgiven. Nevertheless, the fact that
the high priest had to offer sacrifices every year indicates that the
priest, the sacrifice, and even the sanctuary itself were all somewhat
flawed. They were imperfect copies of something more permanent and
authentic. Jesus was the ideal high priest, or, in Platonic terms, the
Idea of the high priest. Similarly, the sacrificial death of Jesus was
the Idea of sacrifice. But where did this ideal high priest offer the
perfect sacrifice? In the ideal sanctuary, which is in heaven. By
locating the ideal sanctuary in heaven and associating Christ's priestly
activity with the period between his death and resurrection, the author
melds the speculative ideas of Plato about the ideal realm with the Jewish
concept of a physical heaven, producing a kind of
Jewish-Christian-Platonic explanation of Jesus' death as the ideal
sacrifice. Another indication that the author is drawing on Plato's
Theory of Forms is his repeated use, both in this passage and throughout
the book, of terms that contrast "the one" and "the many" (cf. also the
opening sentence of the book, Heb 1:1-2). The author uses a particularly strong
word for "once" three times in today's reading, a word that is often
translated "once for all." He is driving home his contention that there
is something profoundly unique about the life and death of Jesus. He was
no ordinary prophet, though prophets were worthy of honor. He was no
ordinary priest, though priests performed a vital role in the community of
faith by offering sacrifices to God. Jesus was not merely the greatest of
prophets or priests, he was the ideal prophet-priest. Indeed, he was the
very Idea of prophet and priest, as far removed from ordinary humans who
played those roles as the Platonic Form was removed from the imperfect
copies that represented it so feebly on earth. Those who follow him can
expect a deliverance that is far beyond any act of salvation in human
history, one in which Christ will usher us into the heavenly, ideal realm
itself.
Mark 12:38-44 (first published 9 November 2003)
Once there was a man who so humble that his church got together and decided to give him a special pin in honor of his humility. They soon had to take the pin back, however, because the man wore it. Some people actively seek recognition, and even those who don't, when they receive it, find it hard not to flaunt it at least a little bit. The scribes that Jesus criticizes in this passage from Mark were educated and respected religious leaders who let their accomplishments go to their heads. They wore clothes that drew attention to their piety, perhaps in the same way that some people today wear religious jewelry or clothing with religious slogans. They encouraged others to greet them with terms of respect, similar to the way in which some Christian leaders encourage others to address them with honorifics such as Doctor or Bishop (whether or not earned). They sat in positions of honor at banquets and even in the synagogue, maybe in the same way that some Christians assume that they are entitled to sit at the head table at all banquets. They said long prayers for the sake of showing their piety--who has not observed something similar in the church? Of course, not everyone who wears a cross, or is greeted with a respectful title, or who is honored before his or her fellows, does so for the wrong reasons, any more than every scribe in Jesus' day did so. We must all judge ourselves in this regard. The evangelist in this story and the one that follows, however, draws a sharp contrast between some who consider themselves religious leaders and the faithful poor. For the gospel writer, there is no doubt that the poor who are rich in faith are to be emulated over those who are rich but poor in faith. It is no coincidence that many of the most meaningful classics of Christian spirituality were written by those who were poor, either by birth or by choice. The Sayings of the Desert Fathers are full of the wisdom of men and women who had left the temptations of riches in order to commune with God in the wilderness. The writings of those who left all to pursue God--such as Thomas à Kempis, who write On the Imitation of Christ; St. John of the Cross, who wrote The Dark Night of the Soul; Brother Lawrence, who wrote The Practice of the Presence of God; John Bunyan, who wrote The Pilgrim's Progress; Leo Tolstoy, who late in life wrote My Confession; and Thomas Merton, who wrote The Seven Storey Mountain--continue to speak across the centuries, as do the lives of other saints who lived lives of economic poverty, like Hildegard of Bingen, Teresa of Avila, Albert Schweitzer, Mother Teresa, and Clarence Jordan, to mention only a few. It is not that devoted Christians in positions of power have nothing meaningful to say. On the contrary, many have profound insights that are well worth considering. However, it seems evident that those who eschew the trappings of the world and become the poor of Christ are often the richest in their understanding of God and God's ways. Poverty in and of itself is not a condition to which we should aspire, and it is especially important to distinguish between the voluntary rejection of physical comforts and situations of widespread economic deprivation and social injustice, which the Medellín Document calls "institutionalized violence." Christians with plenty, who willingly relinquish some of their possessions in order to find God, have begun to understand Jesus' praise of the widow, who gave from her poverty to God.